So how do writers use questions in their story development? Let’s hear first from Ian Creasey, whose short fiction has appeared in magazines such as Asimov’s, Realms of Fantasy and Weird Tales, and has been reprinted in several Year’s Best SF anthologies. His excellent collection Maps of the Edge was published last year.
Stories Are Made Of Scenes
by Ian Creasey
I’d like to begin by thanking John for the opportunity to write a guest post about the technique of using questions to help create stories. This is not a “where do you get your ideas?” post. Rather, it assumes that you already have a basic idea, which you want to develop into a complete story.
I’ll use one of my own stories to illustrate how the question technique works in practice. The questions themselves are sufficiently general that they can be applied across a whole range of stories. What tends to change is the order in which they are asked. I find that stories sometimes start from an idea for a specific detail, in which case the process involves working backwards to develop the appropriate context. In other cases, the initial idea is rather abstract, and the task is to flesh out the premise with sufficient detail.
My example story is “The Report of a Doubtful Creature”, which was published in Orson Scott Card’s InterGalactic Medicine Show (November 2009). I mention the publication date, because this was actually the seed for the story. The year 2009 marked the bicentenary of Charles Darwin’s birth, and also the 150th anniversary of the publication of Origin of Species. I live near the Yorkshire town of Ilkley, which Charles Darwin visited just before the first edition of Origin was published. I therefore decided to write a story about Darwin’s visit to Ilkley, with the aim of getting it published in November 2009, exactly 150 years after the first edition of Origin of Species in November 1859.
So I had a story I wanted to write, without any notion of what its plot might be. The technique of asking questions helped me to shape the story, and I’ll list some of those questions here.
Who is the story about?
For my particular story, the answer is already in the premise: it’s about Charles Darwin. But other times, it’s not immediately obvious who a story might be about — for instance, if the initial idea is to explore a technological or social development, then there is a wide range of people who might be affected. In this case the standard advice is to ask, “Who is the most hurt by this development? Who has the most to lose?” That person is often a suitable protagonist (or antagonist) for the story.
What is the story about?
In this example, it’s fairly obvious that the story has to be about evolution. There’s not much point in writing a story targeted for the anniversary of the Origin of Species, if it’s not about evolution!
What is the conflict?
The Origin of Species is a famously controversial book, symbolising a clear conflict between science and faith.
Wow… so far it looks easy, doesn’t it? It may appear that I’ve cheated by starting with several questions to which I already know the answer. But in fact I’m illustrating the point that if you have the germ of an idea for a story, then there are already some questions and answers implicit in your premise, no matter how vague it may initially seem to be. It can be useful to state these answers explicitly, to help crystallise the starting position.
What is the specific example?
This is what John calls a “power question”, a key question that can be widely applied, and which cuts right through to the essentials. The question “what is the specific example?” can be asked in many contexts (e.g. in considering how to show characterisation), but I find it particularly useful when framed as, “How does the conflict manifest itself?”
This isn’t mathematics: there’s no right or wrong answer. But you need some kind of answer. It’s a classic beginner’s mistake to write a story entirely in abstract terms: telling the reader about the conflict, without showing it. Stories are made of scenes. There should be at least one scene which dramatises the overarching conflict by putting a specific example onstage.
A short story will typically hinge upon a single scene that illustrates the core of the conflict. A novella or novel may require more instances, e.g. a small-scale scene near the beginning, and a large-scale scene toward the end. But the principle of needing specific examples still applies.
If I say that I’m going to write a story about evolution, and the conflict between science and faith, I’m speaking in general terms. I need a specific example. The device I chose was to have Darwin encounter a strange creature, which might possibly be a fairy.
What are the stakes?
This is another “power question”. It’s a way of saying, “Why does this story matter? Why should the reader care?”
There are different ways of addressing the question, depending on whether you develop the story on a top-down or bottom-up basis. If you start from specific details, then you may need to establish that those details represent important issues. Conversely, if you start from the big issues, then you need to establish that your illustrative details are sufficiently representative.
For my story, the question of evolution (i.e. science vs. faith) is already a high-stakes issue. So the crucial task was to establish that my specific example adequately represented the issue. Basically, if fairies exist — so what? Why would that affect evolution?
Here is the answer from the story, in Darwin’s words:
“My theory of natural selection requires that life proceeds by common descent. All creatures are related, however distantly. So any particular creature must possess living relatives, of some kind; and ancestral forms should be preserved as fossils. Any beast, however unprecedented to man’s eyes, must fit somewhere within the Linnaean taxonomy.
“If fairies exist as material creatures, what genus do they occupy? Where are their fossils? (The fossiliferous strata contain an imperfect sample of past organisms, yet surely we could hope for one example to be retained from the entire fairy lineage.) If the traditional description be correct — like a small man with wings — it is clear that fairies cannot fit anywhere within the existing genera of Mammalia. We could only accommodate them within Animalia by supposing an entirely separate line of descent, one which has left no close relatives, no intermediate forms, and no fossils. The evidence does not support it.
“It would be simpler, therefore, to suppose that fairies were a separate creation. After all, why should we require all creatures to be related?
“We indeed require it, for if we allow that any creature may be a separate creation, then we must allow the possibility to all creatures. How could I argue that a wolf must have descended from canid predecessors, if I cannot argue likewise for a fairy? Any opponent could simply say, ‘The wolf was independently created in its current form, just like a fairy.’ I would have no refutation for such a critique. Even those who accepted the Wolf might balk at the descent of Man from simpler progenitors, if given the excuse of the Fairy.
“My hypothesis must explain all creatures, or it explains none. Everything, or nothing. The thought burned in my mind: If this fairy truly exists, it will destroy my whole Theory.”
What choice does the protagonist face?
This is another “power question”. A story tends to feel more meaningful if the protagonist faces a genuine choice — a difficult decision. The nature of the choice obviously depends upon the overall conflict, but its onstage manifestation is determined by the specific example that illustrates the conflict. So when deciding upon an example, it’s helpful to bear in mind the choice that the example implies.
In my story, what choice did Darwin face when he encountered the fairy?
“A thought struck me that it would be simple to let the creature escape, thus avoiding the revelation of what it might be, and what it might imply. The temptation seemed to hang in the air before me, needing but a single step to reach out and grasp.”
Where does the encounter happen?
Once the specific example has been selected, and its importance has been established, our questions move to the realm of practicalities. We must decide how the example is “staged”.
Stories are made of scenes. The scene begins when the protagonist encounters the situation, whatever the situation is. So the author’s task is to decide where and when that encounter takes place.
For my story, I needed Darwin to see a fairy. How could that happen? Maybe he goes out for a walk, and simply happens to see one. But that feels rather coincidental: too obviously contrived by the author. Also, at the time the story takes place, Darwin is ill: he’s in Ilkley to take the “water cure”. So he’s not likely to be wandering very far.
I decided to introduce a secondary character: a woman who had captured the fairy. She knew that Darwin was a famous naturalist, so she asked him to come and see it.
It’s important for a short story to remain focused, and not become cluttered with too many characters. It’s dangerous to answer every question by introducing a new character. But in this particular case, it was a useful solution. I started off with only a protagonist, Darwin. He didn’t have anyone to interact with. By introducing a secondary character, I allowed myself scope for dialogue, interaction, and contrast.
Conclusion
I’ve deliberately ended this post on an anti-climactic note, because although stories conclude with a climax, this doesn’t mean that the climax is the last thing you work out when writing it. Personally I find it easier to begin by shaping the overall structure of a story, including the ending, before I work out all the nitty-gritty staging details.
The questions that I’ve listed here are, obviously, not exhaustive. But I hope they give an indication of how an abstract idea can be turned into a detailed narrative. In my opinion the most important thing to remember is this: Stories are made of scenes. The most useful questions are those which help you envisage a particular scene. Once you can imagine the scene in your head, half the task of writing it is already done.
John sez . . .
So are you curious about his story yet? If so, “The Report of a Doubtful Creature” is available to IGMS subscribers at http://www.intergalacticmedicineshow.com/cgi-bin/mag.cgi?do=issue&vol=i15&article=_003 . You can also learn more about Ian and his work at www.iancreasey.com.
I’d like to thank Ian for taking the time to write up his process on this story. I though he made a number of interesing points. Did you notice what he said about envisioning scenes? Did you see that at least one of his questions is particular to this story and might not be used on any other?
Understand the core principles. Get a list of core questions. But then realize you’ll need to use creative Q&A as you go with all sorts of questions, large and small.
For more in this series, see How to Get and Develop Story Ideas
Tom Clancy is one of the biggest authors of our time. How did he break in? It’s an interesting story that Deborah Grosvenor, the editor who acquired The Hunt for Red October (Clancy’s first book), tells here.
